Artificial Intelligence

In LISP, the function returns the list that result after the first element is removed (the rest of the list), is

What is artificial intelligence?

Which is the best way to go for game playing problem?

Face Recognition system is based on which type of approach?

Which is not the commonly used programming language for AI?

What are not represented by using propositional logic?

Inference algorithm is completed only if

Which search strategy is also called as blind search?

Which is used for utility functions in game playing algorithm?

Graph used to represent semantic network is

Define Artificial Intelligence (AI). Discuss the applications area of AI.

Explain $ AO^* $ algorithm with an example.

Explain with diagram the organization of a natural language understanding system.

Describe all the levels of language understanding in natural language processing system.

What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly the learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system.

Explain the human preferences in encoding uncertainty during parsing.

Explain hill climbing algorithm. Explain plateau, ridge, and local maxima.

Explain knowledge acquisition techniques.

What is fuzzy set? What is the difference between fuzzy set and crisp set? Explain different fuzzy set operations using examples.

Write a Prolog program that verified whether an input list is a palindrome.
Hint: Goal: Palindrome ([r, a, c, e, c, a, r]).
Output: Yes
Goal: Palindrome ([a, b, c])
Output: No

Consider the Water Jug problem as stated here. "You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon one and a 3-gallon one. Neither has any measuring marker on it. There is a pump that can be used to fill the jugs with water. How can you get exactly 2 gallons of water into the 4-gallon jug?" Represent this as a problem in State Space Search and state its Production Rules. Show at least one solution to this problem.

Explain the basic component of an expert system.

Why is Natural Language Processing (NLP) used? Is NLP difficult to learn? Explain.

Write a function in LISP that computes prime number between 1 and 25 (inclusive).

Describe logistic regression with suitable examples.

Define prior probability and conditional probability. State Bayes's theorem. How is it useful for decision making under uncertainty.

In LISP, the function returns the list that result after the first element is removed (the rest of the list), is

What is artificial intelligence?

Which is the best way to go for game playing problem?

Face Recognition system is based on which type of approach?

Which is not the commonly used programming language for AI?

What are not represented by using propositional logic?

Inference algorithm is completed only if

Which search strategy is also called as blind search?

Which is used for utility functions in game playing algorithm?

Graph used to represent semantic network is

Define Artificial Intelligence (AI). Discuss the applications area of AI.

Explain $ AO^* $ algorithm with an example.

Explain with diagram the organization of a natural language understanding system.

Describe all the levels of language understanding in natural language processing system.

What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly the learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system.

Explain the human preferences in encoding uncertainty during parsing.

Explain hill climbing algorithm. Explain plateau, ridge, and local maxima.

Explain knowledge acquisition techniques.

What is fuzzy set? What is the difference between fuzzy set and crisp set? Explain different fuzzy set operations using examples.

Write a Prolog program that verified whether an input list is a palindrome.
Hint: Goal: Palindrome ([r, a, c, e, c, a, r]).
Output: Yes
Goal: Palindrome ([a, b, c])
Output: No

Consider the Water Jug problem as stated here. "You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon one and a 3-gallon one. Neither has any measuring marker on it. There is a pump that can be used to fill the jugs with water. How can you get exactly 2 gallons of water into the 4-gallon jug?" Represent this as a problem in State Space Search and state its Production Rules. Show at least one solution to this problem.

Explain the basic component of an expert system.

Why is Natural Language Processing (NLP) used? Is NLP difficult to learn? Explain.

Write a function in LISP that computes prime number between 1 and 25 (inclusive).

Describe logistic regression with suitable examples.

Define prior probability and conditional probability. State Bayes's theorem. How is it useful for decision making under uncertainty.

Choose the correct answer of any seven of the following :

a) Discuss the role of reasoning in AI. How is predicate logic used in AI to represent knowledge? b) Describe augmented grammar used in natural language processing.

a) Explain with examples 'decision trees' and also explain Bayesian networks with example. b) What do you understand by the term 'uncertainty' in AI? How is uncertainty managed in artificial intelligence? Briefly discuss the structures used to manage knowledge uncertainty.

a) What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system. b) Is regression a supervised learning? Justify your answer. Compare regression with classification with example.

a) Draw the semantic network of sentence 'John gave lecture to his students'. b) What is first-order predicate logic (FOPL)? Represent the following facts in FOPL : "Anyone passing his AI paper and getting an opportunity to work on live project is Happy. But anyone who studies sincerely or is Lucky can pass all his exams. Ramu did not study but he is Lucky. Anyone who is Lucky gets a live project to work."

a) Explain the importance of an expert system. What are the various knowledge representative techniques used in expert system? b) What is fuzzy logic? Explain union and intersection operations on fuzzy set. "Food is cheap." Represent this statement into fuzzy logic.

Describe the following with suitable example : a) Logistic regression b) Backpropagation algorithm

a) Express the following statements in propositional logic : (i) Cancer will not be cured unless its cause is determined and a new drug for cancer is found. (ii) If the humidity is high, it will rain either today or tomorrow. (iii) It requires courage and skills to climb a mountain. b) Represent the following sentence as a conceptual graph : "Cow has four legs and eats grass."

a) What is the Turing test? If the machine passes the Turing test, does it mean that the system is intelligent? What are the associated problems with Turing test? What are required improvement/advances to overcome these problems? b) What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system.

What are the goals of artificial intelligence (AI)?

What is Turing test?

Define uniformed search.

Write a short note on MYCIN.

List various schemes of knowledge representation.

What do you mean by agent program?

Define Skolem constant.

What are the types of neural networks?

Write a short note on horizon effect.

What are the factors that a rational agent should depend on at any given time?

Prove that breadth-first search and depth-first search are special cases of best-first search.

Explain the $ AO^* $ algorithm with a suitable example. State the limitations in the algorithm.

Explain alpha-beta cutoffs during minimax search.

Show that the following sentences are inconsistent using propositional logic:
(i) If Jack misses many classes through illness, then he fails high school.
(ii) If Jack fails high school, then he is uneducated.
(iii) If Jack reads a lot of books, then he is not uneducated.
(iv) Jack misses many classes through illness and reads a lot of books.

Solve the following crypt-arithmetic problem:
SEND
+MORE
MONEY

What is sentence level processing? Explain with example.

Define Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Illustrate how HMMs are used for speech recognition.

Prove that the following sentence is valid:
"If prices fall, then sell increases. If sell increases, then John makes the whole money. But John doesn't make the whole money. Therefore, prices do not fall."

Explain Bayesian network by taking an example. How is the Bayesian network powerful representation for uncertainty knowledge?

Write short notes on (i) discrete model/maximum-likelihood parameter learning and (ii) continuous model.

Differentiate between forward and backward chaining of inference with the help of an example.

What do you mean by structured representation of the knowledge? Discuss different types of structured representations of knowledge.

Discuss STRIPS robot problem solving system.

Write a function in LISP that computes prime number between 1 and 25 (inclusive).

Why is Natural Language Processing (NLP) used? Is NLP difficult to learn? Explain.

Discuss five application areas of medicine in which artificial intelligence is applied.

What are the goals of artificial intelligence (AI)?

What is Turing test?

Define uniformed search.

Write a short note on MYCIN.

List various schemes of knowledge representation.

What do you mean by agent program?

Define Skolem constant.

What are the types of neural networks?

Write a short note on horizon effect.

What are the factors that a rational agent should depend on at any given time?

Prove that breadth-first search and depth-first search are special cases of best-first search.

Explain the $ AO^* $ algorithm with a suitable example. State the limitations in the algorithm.

Explain alpha-beta cutoffs during minimax search.

Show that the following sentences are inconsistent using propositional logic:
(i) If Jack misses many classes through illness, then he fails high school.
(ii) If Jack fails high school, then he is uneducated.
(iii) If Jack reads a lot of books, then he is not uneducated.
(iv) Jack misses many classes through illness and reads a lot of books.

Solve the following crypt-arithmetic problem:
SEND
+MORE
MONEY

What is sentence level processing? Explain with example.

Define Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Illustrate how HMMs are used for speech recognition.

Prove that the following sentence is valid:
"If prices fall, then sell increases. If sell increases, then John makes the whole money. But John doesn't make the whole money. Therefore, prices do not fall."

Explain Bayesian network by taking an example. How is the Bayesian network powerful representation for uncertainty knowledge?

Write short notes on (i) discrete model/maximum-likelihood parameter learning and (ii) continuous model.

Differentiate between forward and backward chaining of inference with the help of an example.

What do you mean by structured representation of the knowledge? Discuss different types of structured representations of knowledge.

Discuss STRIPS robot problem solving system.

Write a function in LISP that computes prime number between 1 and 25 (inclusive).

Why is Natural Language Processing (NLP) used? Is NLP difficult to learn? Explain.

Discuss five application areas of medicine in which artificial intelligence is applied.

Parts of speech tagging determines

Many words have more than one meaning; we have to select the meaning which makes the most sense in context. This can be resolved by

Decision support programs are designed to help managers make

Which is the best way to go for game playing problem?

What are not represented by using propositional logic?

A knowledge-based agent can combine general knowledge with current percepts to infer hidden aspects of the current state prior to selecting actions.

Inference algorithm is completed only if

What are the two basic types of inference?

What are the main components of the expert systems?

Graph used to represent semantic network is

Explain with diagram the organization of a natural language understanding system.

Describe all the levels of language understanding in natural language processing system.

What are agents in AI? How do agents work to import intelligence to a system? Classify the different types of agents and briefly discuss their properties.

Draw the semantic network of the following sentence: Kavita gives a book to her friend.

What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly the learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system.

Explain the human preferences in encoding uncertainty during parsing.

Explain the procedure of knowledge acquisition with the help of a diagram.

What is First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL)? Represent the following facts in FOPL: "Anyone passing his AI paper and getting an opportunity to work on live project is Happy. But anyone who studies sincerely or is Lucky can pass all his exams. Ramu did not study but he is Lucky. Anyone who is Lucky gets a live project to work."

Differentiate between forward chaining and backward chaining. On what factors does the decision to choose forward or backward chaining depend?

Consider the following sentences:
• John likes all kinds of food.
• Apples are food.
• Chicken is food.
• Anything anyone eats and isn't killed by it, is food.
• Sue eats everything Bill eats.

(i) Translate the sentences into formulae in predicate logic. Prove that John likes peanuts using backward chaining.
(ii) Convert the formulae of part (i) into clause form.
(iii) Prove that John likes peanuts using resolution.
(iv) Use resolution to answer the question, "What food does Sue eat?"

What is the Turing test? If the machine passes the Turing test, does it mean that the system is intelligent? What are the associated problems with Turing test? What are required improvement/advances to overcome these problems?

What is the goal of the support vector machine (SVM)? How to compute the margin?

Parts of speech tagging determines

Many words have more than one meaning; we have to select the meaning which makes the most sense in context. This can be resolved by

Decision support programs are designed to help managers make

Which is the best way to go for game playing problem?

What are not represented by using propositional logic?

A knowledge-based agent can combine general knowledge with current percepts to infer hidden aspects of the current state prior to selecting actions.

Inference algorithm is completed only if

What are the two basic types of inference?

What are the main components of the expert systems?

Graph used to represent semantic network is

Explain with diagram the organization of a natural language understanding system.

Describe all the levels of language understanding in natural language processing system.

What are agents in AI? How do agents work to import intelligence to a system? Classify the different types of agents and briefly discuss their properties.

Draw the semantic network of the following sentence: Kavita gives a book to her friend.

What do you mean by learning? Explain briefly the learning methods. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rule-based system.

Explain the human preferences in encoding uncertainty during parsing.

Explain the procedure of knowledge acquisition with the help of a diagram.

What is First Order Predicate Logic (FOPL)? Represent the following facts in FOPL: "Anyone passing his AI paper and getting an opportunity to work on live project is Happy. But anyone who studies sincerely or is Lucky can pass all his exams. Ramu did not study but he is Lucky. Anyone who is Lucky gets a live project to work."

• Knowledge
• Intelligence
• Inheritance knowledge
• Knowledge management

• Logistic regression
• Back propagation algorithm

Differentiate between forward chaining and backward chaining. On what factors does the decision to choose forward or backward chaining depend?

Consider the following sentences:
• John likes all kinds of food.
• Apples are food.
• Chicken is food.
• Anything anyone eats and isn't killed by it, is food.
• Sue eats everything Bill eats.

(i) Translate the sentences into formulae in predicate logic. Prove that John likes peanuts using backward chaining.
(ii) Convert the formulae of part (i) into clause form.
(iii) Prove that John likes peanuts using resolution.
(iv) Use resolution to answer the question, "What food does Sue eat?"

What is the Turing test? If the machine passes the Turing test, does it mean that the system is intelligent? What are the associated problems with Turing test? What are required improvement/advances to overcome these problems?

What is the goal of the support vector machine (SVM)? How to compute the margin?

What is meant by Turing test?

Mention the criteria for the evaluation of search strategy.

What are the two types of memory bounded heuristic algorithms?

Define satisfiability of a sentence.

Why does uncertainty arise?

What is an atomic event?

What is the need for utility theory in uncertainty?

Write any two differences between traditional computer system programs and expert systems.

What is meant by belief network?

Define meta-knowledge in expert system.

Discuss the applications area of Artificial Intelligence.

Explain $ AO^* $ algorithm with an example.

What are the steps to convert first order logic or predicate logic sentence to normal form. Explain each step.

Describe constraint satisfaction problem in detail.

Consider this knowledge-base (KB) for an instance of the Blocks World problem:
Query: $ \exists w \text{ above } (w, B)? $
KB for Blocks World problem:
1. on (A, C)
2. on (D, B)
3. on (E, D)
4. on (x, y) $ \Rightarrow $ above (x, y)
5. on (x, z) $ \land $ above (z, y) $ \Rightarrow $ above (x, y)

Use backward chaining (with Generalized Modus Ponens rule) to answer the query $ \exists w \text{ above } (w, B) $.

Draw the complete AND-OR proof tree showing all the answers to the query.

Define prior probability and conditional probability. State Bayes's theorem. How is it useful for decision making under uncertainty?

Explain logics for non-monotonic reasoning.

Write down the difference between Forward reasoning and Backward reasoning.

Discuss the role of Probabilistic reasoning in handling uncertainty.

What is the meaning of the word 'Heuristics' in the context of search strategies? What conditions on $ A^* $ search is required to guarantee completeness and optimality? Prove admissibility of $ A^* $ search strategy.

Why is MYCIN considered important in the development of expert systems and how did it lead to EMYCIN?

Explain Expert system shell.

Explain Semantic network with suitable example.

What are the steps in Natural language processing? List and explain them briefly.

Explain the application of Natural language processing in AI.

What is meant by Turing test?

Mention the criteria for the evaluation of search strategy.

What are the two types of memory bounded heuristic algorithms?

Define satisfiability of a sentence.

Why does uncertainty arise?

What is an atomic event?

What is the need for utility theory in uncertainty?

Write any two differences between traditional computer system programs and expert systems.

What is meant by belief network?

Define meta-knowledge in expert system.

Discuss the applications area of Artificial Intelligence.

Explain $ AO^* $ algorithm with an example.

What are the steps to convert first order logic or predicate logic sentence to normal form. Explain each step.

Describe constraint satisfaction problem in detail.

Consider this knowledge-base (KB) for an instance of the Blocks World problem:
Query: $ \exists w \text{ above } (w, B)? $
KB for Blocks World problem:
1. on (A, C)
2. on (D, B)
3. on (E, D)
4. on (x, y) $ \Rightarrow $ above (x, y)
5. on (x, z) $ \land $ above (z, y) $ \Rightarrow $ above (x, y)

Use backward chaining (with Generalized Modus Ponens rule) to answer the query $ \exists w \text{ above } (w, B) $.

Draw the complete AND-OR proof tree showing all the answers to the query.

Define prior probability and conditional probability. State Bayes's theorem. How is it useful for decision making under uncertainty?

Explain logics for non-monotonic reasoning.

Write down the difference between Forward reasoning and Backward reasoning.

Discuss the role of Probabilistic reasoning in handling uncertainty.

What is the meaning of the word 'Heuristics' in the context of search strategies? What conditions on $ A^* $ search is required to guarantee completeness and optimality? Prove admissibility of $ A^* $ search strategy.

Why is MYCIN considered important in the development of expert systems and how did it lead to EMYCIN?

Explain Expert system shell.

Explain Semantic network with suitable example.

What are the steps in Natural language processing? List and explain them briefly.

Explain the application of Natural language processing in AI.

Choose the correct answer (any seven) :

Consider the Water Jug problem as stated here. "You are given two jugs, a 4-gallon one and a 3-gallon one. Neither has any measuring markers on it. There is a pump that can be used to fill the jugs with water. How can you get exactly 2 gallons of water into the 4-gallon jug?" Represent this as a problem in State Space Search and state its Production Rules. Show at least one solution to this problem.

Write a Prolog program that verifies whether an input list is a palindrome. Hint : Goal : Palindrome ([r, a, c, e, c, a, r]) Output : Yes Goal : Palindrome ([a, b, c]) Output : No

Decide whether the following statements are true or false. If true, explain why. If false, give a contradicting example. Recall that $B$ is the average branching factor and $L$ is the length of the shortest path from start to goal : (a) Bidirectional BFS is always faster than BFS when $B \ge 2$ and $L \ge 4$. (b) $A^*$ search always expands fewer nodes than DFS does. (c) For any search space, there is always an admissible and consistent $A^*$ heuristic. (d) $IDA^*$ does not need a priority queue as in $A^*$, but can use the program stack in a recursive implementation as in DFS.

"AI is interdisciplinary in nature and its foundations are in various fields." Justify the statement with valid reasons.

Describe the 'stemming' technique of keyword normalization. Also explain, how is it different from 'lemmatization'.

In the context of neural networks, discuss the following terms : (a) Activation function (b) Feedback error learning method (c) Supervised learning (d) Edge weights (e) Mean error

Give and describe an example of system that— (a) thinks like humans; (b) thinks rationally.

Explain the importance of artificial intelligence. Also describe, how game theory and artificial intelligence are related.

Answer any seven questions :

a) Given two jugs with no measuring marker, a 4-gallon jug and a 3-gallon jug. There is a pump to fill the jugs with water. How do you get exactly 2 gallons of water in the 4-gallon jug? Give the state space graph for the problem. Describe the production rules and provide a possible solution with the help of a state space graph. b) Explain hill climbing algorithm. Explain plateau, ridge, and local maxima.

a) Consider the following tree corresponding to a two-player game (with MAX starting at the top), where the numbers below the leaf nodes represent the heuristic evaluations of for those nodes : [Tree Diagram] Use the (3-ply) mini-max procedure to determine the best move for MAX at node A. Also show the (backed-up) value of each node in the tree. b) Determine which nodes will be pruned (cut-off) when using alpha-beta pruning. Assume depth-first evaluation from left-to-right. Show your work.

a) Write a program in PROLOG as well as in LISP to find out the GCD of n numbers. b) Consider the following sentences : John likes all kinds of food. Apples are food. Chicken is food. Anything anyone eats and is not killed by is food. Bill eats peanuts and is still alive. Anyone who is killed by anything is not alive. Sue eats everything Bill eats. Prove that 'John likes peanuts' using resolution.

Suppose that you need to find a path between $S$ and $G$ in the state space defined by the following non-directed graph. The number attached to each edge is the cost of traversing the edge (in either direction). Suppose that we are given a heuristic function $h$ defined according to the following table : [Graph Diagram] [Heuristic Table: State: S A C D F G H; h: 10 5 4 3 4 0 2] a) Show the search trees generated for this problem using $A^*$ search algorithm. b) Is this heuristic admissible? Why?

a) What do you mean by partitioned semantic nets? Explain inferential knowledge representation. b) What is forward chaining? Explain with an example.

a) Consider the following Bayesian network containing three Boolean random variables : [Bayesian Network Diagram] Compute the following quantities : (i) $P(\sim B, C | A)$ (ii) $P(A | \sim B, C)$ b) Explain knowledge acquisition techniques.

a) Discuss the benefits of a production system. What is Dempster-Shafer theory? b) What is fuzzy set? What is the difference between fuzzy set and crisp set? Explain different fuzzy set operations using examples.

a) Explain the basic component of an expert system. b) Write the characteristic features of expert system.

Answer any seven question of the following.

What is heuristic search? Explain with example. Also write heuristic function for Hill Climbing and Tic-Tac-Toe.

Distinguish between fuzzy Reasoning and probabilistic reasoning with examples.

Explain Logical Representation Scheme and Procedural Representation Scheme in detail.

Let Ax: "x is an astronaut", Px: "x is a planet", and V(x, y): "x will travel to y". Give Well-Formed Formula for the below.

Explain Understanding, Perception, Learning and generation in Natural Language Processing.

Answer the following:

Explain in detail AO* algorithm and search procedure with a suitable example.

Write Short note on:

Answer any seven of the following questions:

Answer the following:

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Solve the following problems with AI techniques:

An example of nonmonotonic reasoning involve birds and flying. Consider the following facts:

Answer the following:

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Consider the following set of training examples:

Write short notes on the following:

Define production system. Develop a production system for the following problem:

Answer the following:

What is a clause? With the help of following wff, explain how to convert a wff to a set of clauses?

Answer the following:

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What is meant by heuristic search? Explain $A^*$ algorithm.

Answer the following:

Explain the working principle of RETE matching algorithm.

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