Hydraulic Engineering

Which of the following best describes hydraulic engineering?

Which of the following statements about boundary layer separation is correct?

In a rectangular open channel, critical depth is achieved when

In an open channel flow, the specific energy E is defined as the sum of the depth of flow y and the velocity head $ \frac{V^2}{2g} $. For a given discharge, the specific energy is minimum when:

A rectangular open channel has a width of 3 meters and carries a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second. If the flow depth at a certain section is 2 meters, calculate the specific energy at that section.

When analyzing non-uniform flow using the standard step method, which of the following conditions must be met to ensure convergence and accuracy of the computed water surface profiles?

A rectangular open channel with a width of 4 meters carries a discharge of 20 cubic meters per second. If the depth of flow before the hydraulic jump (initial depth) is 0.5 meters, calculate the sequent depth (depth after the hydraulic jump). (Assume gravitational acceleration $ g = 9.81 \, m/s^2 $)

Which of the following is a characteristic effect of a hydraulic jump occurring in an open channel flow?

In a CFD simulation of an open channel flow with complex geometry, which turbulence model is most suitable for accurately capturing the effects of turbulence and flow separation around obstacles?

A rectangular channel has $ H=20 \, m $, $ n=0.020 $ and $ S_0=0.0004 $. If the normal depth is 1.0 m, a depth of 0.8 m in a GVF in this channel is a part of

Discuss the development of the boundary layer in open channel flow. Explain the significance of the boundary layer thickness and how it varies along the length of the channel.

A smooth flat plate is placed in a uniform flow of water with a velocity of $ 0.5 \, m/s $. The water has a kinematic viscosity of $ 1 \times 10^{-6} \, m^2/sec $. Calculate the boundary layer thickness at a distance of 2 meters from the leading edge of the plate. Determine whether the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent at this location.

What is meant by economical section of a channel? Derive the condition for the most economical rectangular section.

The discharge of water through a rectangular channel of width 8 m is $ 15 \, m^3/s $ when depth of flow of water is 1.2 m. Calculate (i) specific energy of flowing water (ii) critical depth and critical velocity (iii) value of minimum specific energy.

Derive an expression for discharge through an open channel by Chezy's Formula and obtain an expression for conveyance.

A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1H to 4V and side slope of its bed is 1 in 2000. Determine the optimum dimensions of the channel, if it has to carry water at 0.5 $ m^3/s $.

Explain the term hydraulic jump. Derive an expression for the depth of hydraulic jump in terms of the upstream Froude number.

Find the slope of the free water surface in a rectangular channel of width 20 m, having depth of flow 5 m. The discharge through the channel is $ 50 \, m^3/s $. The bed of the channel is having a slope of 1 in 4000. Take the value of Chezy's constant $ C=60 $.

The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of a rectangular channel of 2 m wide is 0.3 m. The discharge through the channel is $ 1.5 \, m^3/s $. Determine whether a hydraulic jump will occur, and if so, find its height and loss of energy.

Define the term: (i) Afflux (ii) Back water curve.

Discuss the various methods used to measure fluid velocity in open channel flows and closed conduit systems in hydraulic engineering.

Discuss the different types of channel transitions, such as expansions, contractions, and bends, and their impact on flow characteristics.

Discuss the concept of a surge in open channel flow as a moving hydraulic jump. Explain the difference between a positive surge and a negative surge, including their causes, characteristics, and impacts on the flow. Illustrate your explanation with diagrams and real-life examples where applicable.

What is hydroinformatics and how does it integrate with traditional hydraulic engineering?

Identify main technological tools and software used in hydroinformatics. How do these tools enhance the analysis and management of water resources?

Which of the following best describes hydraulic engineering?

Which of the following statements about boundary layer separation is correct?

In a rectangular open channel, critical depth is achieved when

In an open channel flow, the specific energy E is defined as the sum of the depth of flow y and the velocity head $ \frac{V^2}{2g} $. For a given discharge, the specific energy is minimum when:

A rectangular open channel has a width of 3 meters and carries a discharge of 15 cubic meters per second. If the flow depth at a certain section is 2 meters, calculate the specific energy at that section.

When analyzing non-uniform flow using the standard step method, which of the following conditions must be met to ensure convergence and accuracy of the computed water surface profiles?

A rectangular open channel with a width of 4 meters carries a discharge of 20 cubic meters per second. If the depth of flow before the hydraulic jump (initial depth) is 0.5 meters, calculate the sequent depth (depth after the hydraulic jump). (Assume gravitational acceleration $ g = 9.81 \, m/s^2 $)

Which of the following is a characteristic effect of a hydraulic jump occurring in an open channel flow?

In a CFD simulation of an open channel flow with complex geometry, which turbulence model is most suitable for accurately capturing the effects of turbulence and flow separation around obstacles?

A rectangular channel has $ H=20 \, m $, $ n=0.020 $ and $ S_0=0.0004 $. If the normal depth is 1.0 m, a depth of 0.8 m in a GVF in this channel is a part of

Discuss the development of the boundary layer in open channel flow. Explain the significance of the boundary layer thickness and how it varies along the length of the channel.

A smooth flat plate is placed in a uniform flow of water with a velocity of $ 0.5 \, m/s $. The water has a kinematic viscosity of $ 1 \times 10^{-6} \, m^2/sec $. Calculate the boundary layer thickness at a distance of 2 meters from the leading edge of the plate. Determine whether the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent at this location.

What is meant by economical section of a channel? Derive the condition for the most economical rectangular section.

The discharge of water through a rectangular channel of width 8 m is $ 15 \, m^3/s $ when depth of flow of water is 1.2 m. Calculate (i) specific energy of flowing water (ii) critical depth and critical velocity (iii) value of minimum specific energy.

Derive an expression for discharge through an open channel by Chezy's Formula and obtain an expression for conveyance.

A trapezoidal channel has side slopes of 1H to 4V and side slope of its bed is 1 in 2000. Determine the optimum dimensions of the channel, if it has to carry water at 0.5 $ m^3/s $.

Explain the term hydraulic jump. Derive an expression for the depth of hydraulic jump in terms of the upstream Froude number.

Find the slope of the free water surface in a rectangular channel of width 20 m, having depth of flow 5 m. The discharge through the channel is $ 50 \, m^3/s $. The bed of the channel is having a slope of 1 in 4000. Take the value of Chezy's constant $ C=60 $.

The depth of flow of water, at a certain section of a rectangular channel of 2 m wide is 0.3 m. The discharge through the channel is $ 1.5 \, m^3/s $. Determine whether a hydraulic jump will occur, and if so, find its height and loss of energy.

Define the term: (i) Afflux (ii) Back water curve.

Discuss the various methods used to measure fluid velocity in open channel flows and closed conduit systems in hydraulic engineering.

Discuss the different types of channel transitions, such as expansions, contractions, and bends, and their impact on flow characteristics.

Discuss the concept of a surge in open channel flow as a moving hydraulic jump. Explain the difference between a positive surge and a negative surge, including their causes, characteristics, and impacts on the flow. Illustrate your explanation with diagrams and real-life examples where applicable.

What is hydroinformatics and how does it integrate with traditional hydraulic engineering?

Identify main technological tools and software used in hydroinformatics. How do these tools enhance the analysis and management of water resources?

The boundary layer exists in which of the following:

The nominal distance of boundary layer is defined as the distance from the solid boundary to a point?

If the alternate depths for certain flow in a rectangular channel are 3.0m and 1.0m respectively. The critical depth for this channel is

The Manning's n for a straight concrete sewer is about

The total number of possible types of GVF profiles are

The discharge in an open channel corresponding to critical depth is

In a triangular channel, the value of $ E_c/Y_c $ is

The hydraulic grade line is

A hydraulic jump occurs in an open channel when

If the Froude number of a hydraulic jump is 5.50, it can be classified as

What do you understand by displacement thickness, Momentum thickness and Energy thickness?

Calculate friction drag on a plate 0.15m wide and 0.45m long placed longitudinally in a stream of oil flowing with a free steam velocity $ = 6 \, m/s $. Also find thickness of boundary layer at trailing edge. Specific gravity of oil $ = 0.925 $ and kinematic viscosity $ = 9 \times 10^{-4} \, m^2/s $.

State the conditions under which the rectangular section of an open channel will be most economical. Derive these conditions.

What are different Open channel flow and Pipe flow?

Derive the Chezy resistance formula. Discuss the resistance formula for practical use. What are the factors that affect the Manning's roughness coefficient, n?

Derive the differential equation of Gradually Varied flow and write its basic assumptions. Explain the classification of the flow profiles based on this equations.

A rectangular channel of bed width 4.0m has a normal depth of 1.25m. The mean velocity in the channel is found to be $ 1.12 \, m/s $. If Manning's coefficient $ (n=0.015) $ estimate the bed slope of the channel.

Explain Hydraulic jump with diagram. Write down the applications of hydraulic jump.

A hydraulic jump occurs in a horizontal 90° triangular channel. If the sequent depths in this jump are 0.60 m and 1.20 m, estimate the flow rate and the Froude numbers at the beginning and the end of the jump.

Write general steps that are required to perform a CFD simulation.

State and discuss the assumptions made in the derivation of the dynamic equation for gradually varied flow. Starting from first principles derive equations for the slope of the water surface in gradually varied flow with respect to channel bed.

The boundary layer exists in which of the following:

The nominal distance of boundary layer is defined as the distance from the solid boundary to a point?

If the alternate depths for certain flow in a rectangular channel are 3.0m and 1.0m respectively. The critical depth for this channel is

The Manning's n for a straight concrete sewer is about

The total number of possible types of GVF profiles are

The discharge in an open channel corresponding to critical depth is

In a triangular channel, the value of $E_c/Y_c$ is

The hydraulic grade line is

A hydraulic jump occurs in an open channel when

If the Froude number of a hydraulic jump is 5.50, it can be classified as

What do you understand by displacement thickness, Momentum thickness and Energy thickness?

Calculate friction drag on a plate 0.15m wide and 0.45m long placed longitudinally in a stream of oil flowing with a free steam velocity $= 6 \, m/s$. Also find thickness of boundary layer at trailing edge. Specific gravity of oil $= 0.925$ and kinematic viscosity $ = 9 \times 10^{-4} , m^2/s $.

State the conditions under which the rectangular section of an open channel will be most economical. Derive these conditions.

What are different Open channel flow and Pipe flow?

Derive the Chezy resistance formula. Discuss the resistance formula for practical use. What are the factors that affect the Manning's roughness coefficient, n?

Derive the differential equation of Gradually Varied flow and write its basic assumptions. Explain the classification of the flow profiles based on this equations.

A rectangular channel of bed width 4.0m has a normal depth of 1.25m. The mean velocity in the channel is found to be $1.12 \, m/s$. If Manning's coefficient $(n=0.015)$ estimate the bed slope of the channel.

Explain Hydraulic jump with diagram. Write down the applications of hydraulic jump.

A hydraulic jump occurs in a horizontal 90° triangular channel. If the sequent depths in this jump are 0.60 m and 1.20 m, estimate the flow rate and the Froude numbers at the beginning and the end of the jump.

Write general steps that are required to perform a CFD simulation.

State and discuss the assumptions made in the derivation of the dynamic equation for gradually varied flow. Starting from first principles derive equations for the slope of the water surface in gradually varied flow with respect to channel bed.

• Specific energy
• Unsteady flow
• GVF
• Hydraulic radius and Hydraulic depth
• Sequent depth
• Classification of slope profiles in channel

For hydrodynamically rough boundary, the friction coefficient

Boundary layer separation is caused by

Conveyance of a channel section is directly proportional to

Reynolds number may be defined as the ratio of

Hydraulic jump is expected when slope of a channel

Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

The nominal distance of a boundary layer is defined as the distance from the wall to a point

A rectangular channel has its width reduced from 60 m to 40 m at transition. If the depth of flow upstream of the contraction is 1.2 m, the change in the bottom elevation at the transition required to cause zero change in the water surface elevation is

In a hydraulically efficient circular channel, the ratio of the hydraulic radius to the diameter of the channel is

Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points

Explain the characteristics of laminar and turbulent boundary layers.

A smooth flat plate 1.5 m wide and 2 m long is subjected to flow of water along its length at a uniform velocity of $ 2 \, m/s $. Find (i) the extent of the laminar boundary layer on the plate, (ii) the thickness of the boundary layer at the edge of the laminar boundary layer and at the trailing edge and (iii) the shear stress at the trailing edge. $ (\rho=998 \, kg/m^3, \nu=1 \times 10^{-6} \, m^2/s) $

Explain the significance of channels of most efficient section.

A most efficient trapezoidal section is required to give a maximum discharge of $ 21.5 \, m^3/s $ of water. The slope of the channel bottom is 1 in 2500. Taking $ C=70 \, m^{1/2}/s $ in Chezy's equation, determine the dimensions of the channel. Also determine the value of Manning's n, taking the value of velocity of flow as obtained for the channel by Chezy's equation.

Define and distinguish among stream line, path line and streak line.

missing question.

Show that the gradually varied flow equation for flow in a rectangular channel of variable width B may be expressed as $ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{S_0 - S_f + \frac{Q^2 y}{gA^3} \frac{dB}{dx}}{1 - \frac{Q^2 B}{gA^3}} $.

What are the three stages of a CFD software?

Write down the governing equations of fluid flow, stating the assumptions in deriving the equation and then explain the significance of each term.

What are the different energies of a fluid? Explain each of them.

A 0.25 m diameter pipe carries oil of specific gravity 0.8 at the rate of 120 liters per second and the pressure at a point A is $ 19.62 \, kN/m^2 $ (gage). If the point A is 3.5 m above the datum line, calculate the total energy at point A in meters of oil.

What do you understand by (i) steady and unsteady flow; (ii) uniform and non-uniform flow in the case of channels?

A rectangular channel which is laid on a bottom slope of 0.0064 is to carry $ 20 \, m^3/s $ of water. Determine the width of the channel when the flow is in critical condition. Take Manning's $ n=0.015 $.

A hydraulic jump occurs in a 90° triangular channel. Derive an equation relating the two depths and the flow rate. If the depths before and after the jump in the above channel are 0.5 m and 1.0 m, determine the flow rate and obtain the Froude numbers before and after the jump.

For hydrodynamically rough boundary, the friction coefficient

Boundary layer separation is caused by

Conveyance of a channel section is directly proportional to

Reynolds number may be defined as the ratio of

Hydraulic jump is expected when slope of a channel

Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

The nominal distance of a boundary layer is defined as the distance from the wall to a point

A rectangular channel has its width reduced from 60 m to 40 m at transition. If the depth of flow upstream of the contraction is 1.2 m, the change in the bottom elevation at the transition required to cause zero change in the water surface elevation is

In a hydraulically efficient circular channel, the ratio of the hydraulic radius to the diameter of the channel is

Bernoulli equation is applicable between any two points

Explain the characteristics of laminar and turbulent boundary layers.

A smooth flat plate 1.5 m wide and 2 m long is subjected to flow of water along its length at a uniform velocity of $ 2 \, m/s $. Find (i) the extent of the laminar boundary layer on the plate, (ii) the thickness of the boundary layer at the edge of the laminar boundary layer and at the trailing edge and (iii) the shear stress at the trailing edge. $ (\rho=998 \, kg/m^3, \nu=1 \times 10^{-6} \, m^2/s) $

Explain the significance of channels of most efficient section.

A most efficient trapezoidal section is required to give a maximum discharge of $ 21.5 \, m^3/s $ of water. The slope of the channel bottom is 1 in 2500. Taking $ C=70 \, m^{1/2}/s $ in Chezy's equation, determine the dimensions of the channel. Also determine the value of Manning's n, taking the value of velocity of flow as obtained for the channel by Chezy's equation.

Define and distinguish among stream line, path line and streak line.

missing question.

Show that the gradually varied flow equation for flow in a rectangular channel of variable width B may be expressed as $ \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{S_0 - S_f + \frac{Q^2 y}{gA^3} \frac{dB}{dx}}{1 - \frac{Q^2 B}{gA^3}} $.

What are the three stages of a CFD software?

Write down the governing equations of fluid flow, stating the assumptions in deriving the equation and then explain the significance of each term.

What are the different energies of a fluid? Explain each of them.

A 0.25 m diameter pipe carries oil of specific gravity 0.8 at the rate of 120 liters per second and the pressure at a point A is $ 19.62 \, kN/m^2 $ (gage). If the point A is 3.5 m above the datum line, calculate the total energy at point A in meters of oil.

What do you understand by (i) steady and unsteady flow; (ii) uniform and non-uniform flow in the case of channels?

A rectangular channel which is laid on a bottom slope of 0.0064 is to carry $ 20 \, m^3/s $ of water. Determine the width of the channel when the flow is in critical condition. Take Manning's $ n=0.015 $.

A hydraulic jump occurs in a 90° triangular channel. Derive an equation relating the two depths and the flow rate. If the depths before and after the jump in the above channel are 0.5 m and 1.0 m, determine the flow rate and obtain the Froude numbers before and after the jump.

In a hydraulic jump, occurring in a horizontal rectangular channel, the sequent depths are 0.25 m and 1.25 m. The energy loss in this jump is

If the alternate depths for certain flow in a rectangular channel are 0.5 m and 3.0 m respectively, the critical depth for this channel is

A streamline is a line

In a pipeline, the hydraulic grade line is above the pipe center line in the longitudinal section at point A and below the pipe center line at another point B. From this it can be inferred that

In a horizontal rectangular channel, a hydraulic jump with a sequent depth ratio of 5.0 is formed. This jump can be classified as

The term alternate depths in open-channel flow is used to designate the depths

An 8 cm diameter pipe is to carry water at a Reynolds number of $ 10^5 $. The entrance length required for the establishment of turbulent flow is about

The drag on a very small sphere falling in a highly viscous liquid varies

Flow has Froude number less than one

Mach number is ratio of inertia forces to

Differentiate between structured and unstructured mesh.

Explain the features of TDMA method.

Find the ratio of skin friction drag on the front-half and rear-half portions of a flat plate kept in a uniform stream of zero incidence. Assume the boundary layer to be turbulent over the entire plate.

Find the ratio of skin friction drag on the front two-third and rear one-third of a flat plate kept in a uniform stream at zero incidence. Assume the boundary layer to be turbulent over the entire plate.

What do you understand by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?

For the following velocity profiles in the boundary layer on a flat plate, calculate the displacement and momentum thickness in terms of the nominal boundary layer thickness $ \delta $:
(i) $ u/U = \eta $
(ii) $ u/U = 2\eta - \eta^2 $
where $ \eta = y/\delta $

A rectangular flume 2 m wide carries discharge at the rate of $ 2 \, m^3/s $. The bed slope of the flume is 0.0004. At a certain section, the depth of flow is 1 m. Calculate the distance of the section downstream where the depth of flow is 0.9 m. Solve by single step method. Assume rugosity coefficient as 0.014. Is the slope of the channel mild or steep? How is this type of surface profile classified?

Derive Bernoulli's equation from Euler's equation of motion.

A pipe 300 m long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers from 1.2 m diameter at the high end to 0.6 m diameter at the low end. Quantity of water flowing is 5400 litres per minute. If the pressure at the high end is 68.67 kPa $ (0.7 \text{ kg(f)/cm}^2) $, find the pressure at the low end. Neglect losses.

Define and distinguish between (i) steady and unsteady flow, (ii) uniform and non-uniform flow and (iii) rotational and irrotational flow.

An incompressible fluid flows steadily through two pipes of diameter 0.15 m and 0.2 m which combine to discharge in a pipe of 0.3 diameter. If the average velocities in the 0.15 m and 0.2 m diameter pipes are $ 2 \, m/s $ and $ 3 \, m/s $ respectively, then find the average velocity in the 0.3 m diameter pipe.

Show that for a trapezoidal channel of given area of flow, the condition of maximum flow requires that hydraulic mean depth is equal to one half the depth of flow.

An irrigation channel of trapezoidal section, having side slopes 3 horizontal to 2 vertical, is to carry a flow of 10 cumec on a longitudinal slope of 1 in 5000. The channel is to be lined for which the value of friction coefficient in Manning's formula is $ n=0.012 $. Find the dimensions of the most economic section of the channel.

The depth and velocity of flow in a rectangular channel are 1 m and $ 1.5 \, m/s $ respectively. If the rate of inflow at the upstream end is suddenly doubled, what will be the height and absolute velocity of the resulting surge and the celerity of the wave?

In a hydraulic jump, occurring in a horizontal rectangular channel, the sequent depths are 0.25 m and 1.25 m. The energy loss in this jump is

If the alternate depths for certain flow in a rectangular channel are 0.5 m and 3.0 m respectively, the critical depth for this channel is

A streamline is a line

In a pipeline, the hydraulic grade line is above the pipe center line in the longitudinal section at point A and below the pipe center line at another point B. From this it can be inferred that

In a horizontal rectangular channel, a hydraulic jump with a sequent depth ratio of 5.0 is formed. This jump can be classified as

The term alternate depths in open-channel flow is used to designate the depths

An 8 cm diameter pipe is to carry water at a Reynolds number of $ 10^5 $. The entrance length required for the establishment of turbulent flow is about

The drag on a very small sphere falling in a highly viscous liquid varies

Flow has Froude number less than one

Mach number is ratio of inertia forces to

Differentiate between structured and unstructured mesh.

Explain the features of TDMA method.

Find the ratio of skin friction drag on the front-half and rear-half portions of a flat plate kept in a uniform stream of zero incidence. Assume the boundary layer to be turbulent over the entire plate.

Find the ratio of skin friction drag on the front two-third and rear one-third of a flat plate kept in a uniform stream at zero incidence. Assume the boundary layer to be turbulent over the entire plate.

What do you understand by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?

For the following velocity profiles in the boundary layer on a flat plate, calculate the displacement and momentum thickness in terms of the nominal boundary layer thickness $ \delta $:
(i) $ u/U = \eta $
(ii) $ u/U = 2\eta - \eta^2 $
where $ \eta = y/\delta $

A rectangular flume 2 m wide carries discharge at the rate of $ 2 \, m^3/s $. The bed slope of the flume is 0.0004. At a certain section, the depth of flow is 1 m. Calculate the distance of the section downstream where the depth of flow is 0.9 m. Solve by single step method. Assume rugosity coefficient as 0.014. Is the slope of the channel mild or steep? How is this type of surface profile classified?

Derive Bernoulli's equation from Euler's equation of motion.

A pipe 300 m long has a slope of 1 in 100 and tapers from 1.2 m diameter at the high end to 0.6 m diameter at the low end. Quantity of water flowing is 5400 litres per minute. If the pressure at the high end is 68.67 kPa $ (0.7 \text{ kg(f)/cm}^2) $, find the pressure at the low end. Neglect losses.

Define and distinguish between (i) steady and unsteady flow, (ii) uniform and non-uniform flow and (iii) rotational and irrotational flow.

An incompressible fluid flows steadily through two pipes of diameter 0.15 m and 0.2 m which combine to discharge in a pipe of 0.3 diameter. If the average velocities in the 0.15 m and 0.2 m diameter pipes are $ 2 \, m/s $ and $ 3 \, m/s $ respectively, then find the average velocity in the 0.3 m diameter pipe.

Show that for a trapezoidal channel of given area of flow, the condition of maximum flow requires that hydraulic mean depth is equal to one half the depth of flow.

An irrigation channel of trapezoidal section, having side slopes 3 horizontal to 2 vertical, is to carry a flow of 10 cumec on a longitudinal slope of 1 in 5000. The channel is to be lined for which the value of friction coefficient in Manning's formula is $ n=0.012 $. Find the dimensions of the most economic section of the channel.

The depth and velocity of flow in a rectangular channel are 1 m and $ 1.5 \, m/s $ respectively. If the rate of inflow at the upstream end is suddenly doubled, what will be the height and absolute velocity of the resulting surge and the celerity of the wave?