Engineering Chemistry

Temporary hardness is removed by boiling due to the reaction ______.

The difference in HCV and LCV of fuel sample is equal to ______.

Calorific value of a gaseous fuel is determined by ______ calorimeter.

The colligative property depends on ______ in solution and not on nature of solute.

In an electrochemical cell ______ energy gets converted into ______ energy.

A copolymer is one which is made of more than one type of ______.

Polyacetylene doped with iodine is an example of ______ polymer.

According to electrochemical theory of corrosion, corrosion occurs at ______.

Low temperature carbonization yields coke which is suitable for ______.

In the determination of total hardness of water by EDTA method, the indicator employed is ______.

Why do we add buffer solutions during titration of hard water by EDTA method?

What is zeolite? Why zeolite softened water is unsuitable for use in boiler?

A sample of water gives the following results on analysis : $CO_2 = 22ppm, $HCO_3^- = 365 ppm, $Ca^{2+} = 40$ ppm, $Mg^{2+} = 48$ ppm Calculate the amount of lime and soda that would be required to soften 10000 litres of water, if 139 ppm of $FeSO_4 \cdot 7H_2O$ is used as coagulant.

Explain caustic embrittlement in boiler. How does it effect the boiler? How can this be prevented?

Name the factors which are responsible for corrosion in boilers. How can this be minimised?

Explain the function of the following in water treatment : (i) Calgon (ii) Bleaching powder

What do you understand by the term low temperature carbonization?

How is coke obtained by using Otto-Hofmann reactor? What are the advantages of using this reactor?

Describe the indirect coal to liquid conversion process. Draw the diagram and give the reactions involved in this process.

A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume : $H_2 = 14\%$, $CH_4 = 20\%$, $C_2H_6 = 26\%$, $C_2H_4 = 15\%$, $CO = 15\%$, $CO_2 = 5\%$, $N_2 = 5\%$ and $O_2 = 5\%$. Calculate— (i) minimum amount of air required for complete combustion of this fuel; (ii) percentage composition of dry products of combustion, if 10% excess air is supplied.

What are polymers? Classify them on the basis of their thermal behaviour. Give suitable example.

Explain isotactic and syndiotactic polymers.

Write short notes on the following : (i) Polymer degradation (ii) Glass transition temperature

42 g of propene was polymerised by radical polymerisation process and DP was found to be 1000. Calculate the number of molecules of PP produced.

What do you mean by EMF of a cell?

How is the EMF of a cell determined?

An iron wire is immersed in a solution containing $ZnSO_4$ and $NiSO_4$. The conc. of each salt is 1 M. Predict giving reasons, which of the following reactions is likely to proceed : (i) Iron reduces $Zn^{2+}$ ions (ii) Iron reduces $Ni^{2+}$ ions Given : $E^\circ(Zn^{2+}/Zn) = -0.76$ V $E^\circ(Fe^{2+}/Fe) = -0.44$ V $E^\circ(Ni^{2+}/Ni) = -0.25$ V

Define corrosion. Why do metals corrode and what are the consequences of corrosion?

Explain the Pilling-Bedworth rule, taking example.

Write brief accounts of the following : (i) Passivation (ii) Stress corrosion

Establish the relationship between osmotic pressure and lowering vapour pressure.

Under what conditions the abnormal molecular weight values of solutes are obtained from the measurement of colligative properties?

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 0.5% aqueous solution of sucrose (MW = 342) at $27\ ^\circ C$. If the density of solution is $1.017\ kg\ dm^{-3}$, calculate the height of the column of the solution in cm which will just balance this osmotic pressure.

Arrange the following solution in the increasing order of freezing point. 0.2M Ferric nitrate soln., 0.4 m sugar solution, 0.1M acetic acid solution and 0.2 M magnesium chloride soln.

Define lather factor.

The hardness of water containing 1.2 mg $MgSO_4$, 1.42 mg $Na_2SO_4$ and 1.11 mg $CaCl_2$ in 500 ml. Solution is ______ ppm and ______ $^\circ$Cl.

What is gutta percha?

Why small anodic area results in intense corrosion?

0.1M urea solution is ______ to 0.1M Formic acid solution.

What is power alcohol?

Plexiglass is polymer of ______.

Why does of a nail past inside the wood undergo corrosion easily?

Why are liquid fuels better than solid fuels ? (Three Characters)

What are ion-exchange series?

Describe ion-exchange process of softening of water.

How are spent series are generated ?

How analysis of flue gas is done by orsat's apparatus? What conclusion you draw?

Give the significance of proximate and ultimate analysis of coal.

A coal sample contains 82% Carbon, 6% Hydrogen 5% Oxygen, 4% Sulphur and 3% Nitrogen. Find Gross and Net calorific value of coal.

What is Tactility in polymers?

What is glass Transition temperature?

Give the method of preparation and uses (Three) of the following. (i) Neoprene (ii) ABS polymer (iii) Bakelite

Give the limitations of Raoult's law.

Find the molality of solution containg a non-volatile solute if its Vapour pressure is 3.2% below to the vapour pressure of pure water.

Deduce the relation between the elevation of boiling point and mole fraction of dissolve solute.

What are functions of salt bridge in the Galvanic cell?

Can we store (explaination also) (i) $CuSO_4$ Solution in Nickel vessel (ii) $FeSO_4$ Solution in copper vessel (iii) $NiCl_2$ Solution in silver vessel $E^\circ Cu^{+2}/cu=0.34V$ $E^\circ Fe/Fe^{+2}=0.44$ $E^\circ Ag^+/Ag=0.8V$ $Ni/Ni^{+2} = 0.25V$

The emf of a cell corresponding to the reaction $M(s) + 2H^+ \to M^{+2}(0.02 M) + H_2(1 atm)$ is 0.46 V at $25\ ^\circ C$. Find the pH of acid solution ($E^\circ m/m^{+2} = 0.76 V$)

What are causes that generate cathode and anode regions on the metal surface ?

Discuss the mechanism of wet corrosion.

Discuss the importance of design and material selection in controlling corrosion.

Scale formation

Caustic embrittlement

Priming and foaming

Boiler corrosion

Waterline corrosion

Pitting corrosion

Colligative properties

crevice corrosion

Permanent hardness of water is caused by soluble salts of ______ and ______.

In proximate analysis of coal carbon percentage is determined by the formula : ______.

Coal can be converted to coke by the process of ______.

Colligative properties are not associated with ______ of solute.

Inter-crystalline cracking occurs in boiler due to presence of ______.

Oxidation occurs at ______ and ______ at cathode in an electrochemical cell.

A polymer made of more than one type of monomer is ______.

Write the formula of weight average molecular weight a polymer.

The metal which forms a volatile oxide film corrode ______.

Reverse-osmosis is a process to remove ______ from sea water.

Why water is softened before using in a boiler? Describe the phosphate conditioning of water to over come the boiler feed problem.

Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening of 1,000 litres of water with the following analysis.

Analysis of Raw water $Ca^{2+} = 380$ ppm, dissolved $CO_2 = 120$ ppm $Mg^{2+} = 144ppm $FeSO_4 \cdot 7H_2O = 278 ppm $HCO_3^- = 1500$ ppm

Analysis of treated water $OH^- = 34$ ppm $CO_3^{2-} = 32$ ppm

How boiler scales are formed? How scales are removed from the boiler? Differentiate between a scale and sludge.

In the determination of hardness of water by EDTA method. $NH_4OH - NH_4Cl$ buffer is used why?

Discuss the principle of Ion exchange method what advantages it has over zeolite softners?

What do you understand by high temperature carbonization of coal?

How coke is obtained by using Beehive oven and what are the limitations of this process.

A gas has the following composition by volume: $H_2 = 22%, $CH_4 = 4\%, $CO = 20\%$, $CO_2 = 6\%$, $O_2 = 3\%$ and $N_2 = 45\%$. If 25% excess air is used for combustion, find the weight of air supplied per $m^3$ of this gas (weight of 1 kg mole of air at NTP = 28.95 kg).

What are reference electrodes? What is the role of reference electrode in the determination of electrode potential?

What do you understand by a concentration cell? Give at least two applications of concentration cell.

For what concentration of $Ag^+(aq)$ will the EMF of the cell be zero at $25\ ^\circ C$ if the conc. of $Cu^{2+}(aq)$ is 0.01M $Cu(s)/Cu^{2+}(0.01 M) // Ag^+(aq)/Ag(s)$ Given $E^\circ(Ag^+/Ag) = +0.80$ V; $E^\circ(Cu^{2+}/Cu) = 0.338$ V

Explain the following:

Why rubbers called elastomers? What is natural rubber?

What is vulcanization of rubber? Explain the advantages of vulcanized rubber over natural rubber.

Give the structure and properties and uses of the following polymers. (i) Nylon (ii) Glyptal

Why is relative lowering vapour pressure a colligative property?

What do you mean by colligative property?

The pressure of water vapour of a solution containing a non-volatile solute is 2% below that vapour of pure water. Calculate the molality of the solution.

Pilling-Bedworth rule

Working of Bomb calorimeter (draw diagram also)

Direct coal to liquid conversion process

Thermoplastics

Priming and foaming

If 50 ml hard water required 1.5 ml of 0.01 M EDTA, the hardness of water is ______ p.p.m.

The general formula of zeolite is ______.

What is an azeotropic mixture?

Colligative properties depend on ______.

Why does iron corrode faster than Al?

Why are liquid fuels better than solid fuels (3 characters)?

What is power alcohol?

Hardness of water containing 1.62 mg calcium bicarbonate and 1.2 mg magnesium sulphate in 500 ml is ______ p.p.m. ______ $^\circ$Cl.

Arrange in increasing order of freezing of 0.1 M solution of glucose, calcium chloride, sodium chloride and acetic acid.

Why are brass vessels tinned?

What is hardness of water? How is it expressed?

Write the principal and chemical reactions involving lime-soda method of softening of water.

A water sample contains the following in mg/lit : $Ca(HCO_3)_2 = 8.1$, $Mg(HCO_3)_2 = 2.92$, $MgCl_2 = 9.5$, $MgSO_4 = 1.2$, $CaCl_2 = 1.11$, $NaHCO_3 = 4.2$, $CO_2 = 2.2$, $HCl = 3.65$ Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening 50000 lit of water.

Describe Fisher-Tropsch method of manufacture of gasoline.

Define octane number and cetane number. What are the structural features of fuel that increases octane cetane numbers?

A coal sample contain 76% carbon, 10% hydrogen, 8% oxygen and 6% nitrogen. Find the minimum amount of $O_2$ and air by weight for complete combustion of 1 kg of coal. Also calculate the weight of air if 20% excess air is supplied. (Air contains 23% $O_2$ by weight.)

Write the charging and discharging reactions of lead-acid storage battery.

Explain the construction and working of $H_2 \cdot O_2$ fuel cell.

What is the pH of the solution of the given cell if its cell potential is 1.04 volt? $E^\circ Ag^+/Ag = +0.8$ volt $Pt ; H_2(1\ atm) | H^+ (pH = ?) // Ag^+(0.01 M) | Ag$ Write the cell reaction also.

Differentiate between the following :

Give the method of preparation and uses (three) of the following :

Explain with examples Pilling-Bedworth law.

What are causes for the formation of cathodes and anodes regions on the metal surface?

What are the factors that control the rate of corrosion?

State Raoult's law of lowering of vapour pressure. Give its limitations.

What is ideal solution? Explain positive and negative deviations from ideal behaviour of liquid pairs.

At $100\ ^\circ C$, the vapour pressure of solution of 6.2 gm of solute in 126 gm water is 745 mm. What is the boiling point of solution ($K_b = 0.52$)?

Scale formation

Caustic embrittlement

Priming and foaming

Boiler corrosion

Galvanic series

Waterline corrosion

Pitting corrosion

Glass transition temperature

What do you mean by hardness of water?

Name the two ways of analysis of coal.

An example of phenolic resin is ——.

Name two chief methods to synthesize petrol.

What are the main colligative properties associated with ideal solutions?

Analysis of flue gas is carried out with the help of —— apparatus.

Water gas is a mixture of —— and ——.

What is the basic difference in a primary and secondary cell?

Name two most common methods for softening of water.

Why is it impossible to determine the electrode potential for a single half cell?

Scale formation

Sludge formation

Caustic embrittlement

Priming and foaming

Distinguish between cold lime-soda process and hot lime-soda process.

Calculate the amount of lime (92% pure) and soda (98% pure) required for treatment of 30,000 litres of water whose analysis is as follows : $\text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2 = 40.5 \text{ ppm}, \text{Mg(HCO}_3)_2 = 36.5 \text{ ppm}, \text{MgSO}_4 = 30.0 \text{ ppm}, \text{CaSO}_4 = 34.0 \text{ ppm}, \text{CaCl}_2 = 27.75 \text{ ppm}, \text{NaCl} = 10.0 \text{ ppm}$.

Explain the types of hardness of water.

Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing $100 \text{ ml}$ of 4.5% solution of urea (mol. mass = 60) and $100 \text{ ml}$ of 3.42% solution of cane sugar (mol. mass = 342) at $300 \text{ K}$. (Given $R = 0.0821 \text{ L atm K}^{-1} \text{ mol}^{-1}$)

What is molal elevation constant? What are its units?

What are isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions? What happens when such solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane?

Write down the electrodes, electrolytes and the cell reactions involved in dry cell or Leclanche cell.

Write in Nernst equation and calculate the e.m.f. of the following cell at $298 \text{ K}$ : $\text{Cu(s)} | \text{Cu}^{2+} (0.130 \text{ M}) || \text{Ag}^{+} (1.0 \times 10^{-4} \text{ M}) | \text{Ag(s)}$ Given $E^\circ_{\text{Ag}^{+}/\text{Ag}} = 0.80 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Cu}^{2+}/\text{Cu}} = 0.34 \text{ V}$.

Describe the working of simple galvanic cell.

What is a fuel? How are fuels commonly classified?

What is meant by calorific value of a fuel? Explain gross and net calorific value.

What is the significance of volatile matter in coal?

Describe free-radical polymerisation mechanism of ethylene.

Distinguish between addition and condensation polymerisation.

Give the methods of preparation and uses of the following : (i) PVC (ii) Nylon (iii) Teflon

Describe various types of protective coatings used for controlling corrosion.

Compare chemical corrosion and electrochemical corrosion.

What are the factors which affect corrosion?

Galvanic corrosion

Thermoplastics

Boiler corrosion

Electrode potential

50 ml of water sample require 1.5 ml $M/50$ HCl solution using methyl orange indicator. The temporary hardness of water is ______ ppm.

Natural rubber is polymer of ______.

Terylene is condensation polymer of ______ and ______.

Arrange hydrogen gas, LPG, water gas and biogas in increasing order of their calorific value.

Aluminium vessels are used to store conc. $HNO_3$. Explain.

Why is boiling point of water increases when KCl added?

Large cathode and small anode area results in intense corrosion. Explain.

Arrange in increasing order of freezing point of 0.1 M solution of acetic acid, glucose, sodium chloride and calcium nitrate.

What is power alcohol?

Why are brass utensils tinned?

Describe the principle of lime-soda process of softening of water. Give chemical reaction involved during softening of water.

What are advantages and disadvantages of lime-soda process?

A water sample containing the following in mg/litre : $Ca(HCO_3)_2 = 16.2$ $Mg(HCO_3)_2 = 14.6$ $MgCl_2 = 9.5$ $MgSO_4 = 1.2$ $CaCl_2 = 2.22$ $HCl = 3.65$ $CO_2 = 2.2$ $NaHCO_3 = 4.2$ Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening $10\ m^3$ water.

What is flue gas? How is analysis of flue gas done by Orsat's apparatus?

What is the significance of the flue gas analysis.

A coal sample contains following percentage composition by weight : C = 80, H = 6, O = 8, N = 6 Find the minimum amount of oxygen and air by weight for complete combustion of 1 kg of coal. Also calculate the weight of air if 15% excess air is supplied (air contains 23% $O_2$ by weight).

Derive Nernst equation and discuss its application.

Calculate the e.m.f. of a concentration cell at $25\ ^\circ C$ consisting two Ag electrode immersed in a solution of $Ag^+$ of 0.01 M and 0.001 M concentration.

For a cell reaction $$2A + 3B^{+2} = 2A^{+3} + 3B$$ at 298 K the equilibrium constant is $1.0 \times 10^4$. Calculate $E^\circ$ cell.

Define degree of polymerization.

Explain the free radical polymerization mechanism.

What is glass transition temperature?

Write the preparation and uses of (i) neoprene and (ii) nylon-6,6.

Discuss the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion.

What are the factors that effect the rate of corrosion?

How is corrosion prevented by cathodic protection?

What is percentage of iron rusted ($Fe_2O_3 \cdot 2H_2O$) when its weight increased by 25%?

Deduce the relationship between the boiling point elevation of a solution and mole fraction of dissolved solute.

Explain the terms hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions.

At $100\ ^\circ C$ the vapour pressure of solution of 4.5 g of solute in 108 g water is 742 mm. Find the boiling point of the solution ($K_b$ of $H_2O = 0.52$ and water vapour pressure at $100\ ^\circ C$ is 760 mm).

Explain caustic embrittlement in boiler and how it can be prevented.

What are the causes of boiler corrosion? How can the boiler corrosion be prevented?

What are the causes of— (i) scale formation; (ii) priming and foaming?

Water-line corrosion

Crevices corrosion

Octane number

Colligative properties

Calculate the weight of calcium nitrate required to prepare $500 \text{ ml}$ solution having hardness of $500 \text{ ppm}$.

$0.1 \text{ M}$ formic acid solution is —— to $0.1 \text{ M}$ sucrose solution.

Coal sample is heated —— $^\circ\text{C}$ for —— minute for determination of moisture.

What is lather factor?

Why does impure metal corrode faster than pure metal?

Natural rubber is polymer of ——.

Arrange in increasing order of freezing point of $0.1 \text{ M}$ solution of $\text{CaCl}_2, \text{NaCl}, \text{AlCl}_3$ and urea.

What is power alcohol?

Write the function of salt bridge.

Write four characteristics of good fuel.

Write on electrolytes, electrodes and reaction involved in lead storage battery.

Calculate the reduction potential at $25 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$ for $\text{Fe}^{+3}/\text{Fe}^{+2}$ electrode if concentration of $\text{Fe}^{+2}$ ion is ten times than $\text{Fe}^{+3}$ ion. $E^\circ_{\text{Fe}^{+3}/\text{Fe}^{+2}} = 0.77 \text{ volt}$.

A cell $\text{Ag} | \text{Ag}^{+1} (1 \text{ M}, 500 \text{ ml}) || \text{Cu}^{+2} (1 \text{ M}, 500 \text{ ml}) | \text{Cu}$ calculate the change of cell potential after passing of $9.65 \text{ ampere}$ current for $1 \text{ hr}$.

Boiler corrosion

Scale formation

Caustic embrittlement

Knocking

What are the reasons for the formation of anodic and cathodic regions on the surface of metal?

Discuss the importance of design and material selection in controlling corrosion.

What is impressed current cathodic protection?

How is petrol synthesised by Bergius process?

Describe the method of production, composition and uses of water gas.

How analysis of flue gas is done by Orsat apparatus?

Priming and foaming

Colligative properties

Stress corrosion

Fuel cell

Describe free-radical polymerisation mechanism of vinyl acetate.

Differentiate between thermosetting and thermoplastic resins with suitable example.

Give the methods of preparation and uses of the following : (i) Neoprene (ii) Bakelite (iii) Plexiglas

State Raoult's law of lowering of vapour pressure. How can be used for determination of molecular weight of a compound? What are the limitations of Raoult's law?

At $100 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$ the vapour pressure of a solution of $7.6 \text{ gm}$ of a non-volatile solute in $108 \text{ gm}$ water is $735 \text{ mm}$ of $\text{Hg}$. What is molecular weight of solute? Also calculate the boiling point of solution. ($K_b = 0.52 \text{ K}$, $P^\circ_{\text{H}_2\text{O}} = 760 \text{ mm}$ at $100 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$).

What is hardness of water? How is it expressed? What are various units used for its expression?

$100 \text{ ml}$ of a sample water neutralized $6.2 \text{ ml } 0.12 \text{ M } \text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ using methyl orange indicator. Find hardness of water sample.

Find the amount of lime (74% pure) and soda (90% pure) required for softening $100 \text{ m}^3$ water containing following in mg/lit : $\text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2 = 4.05, \text{Mg(HCO}_3)_2 = 3.65, \text{MgCl}_2 = 0.95, \text{Ca(NO}_3)_2 = 3.28, \text{CaCl}_2 = 3.33, \text{MgSO}_4 = 1.2, \text{CO}_2 = 2.2, \text{NaHCO}_3 = 2.1, \text{HCl} = 3.65$.

Arrange the following $0.1 \text{ M}$ solution in the increasing order of freezing point : Aluminium chloride solution; Urea solution; Acetic acid solution; Calcium chloride solution.

Arrange LPG, water gas, producer gas and hydrogen in decreasing order of their calorific value.

A 0.82% solution of organic compound is isotonic with $0.1 \text{ M}$ urea solution. The molecular weight of organic compound is ——.

What are the functions of salt bridge?

What is tacticity in polymers?

Plexiglass is polymer of ——.

Hardness of water containing $1.62 \text{ mg/lit, Ca(HCO}_3)_2$ and $7.3 \text{ mg/lit}$ magnesium bicarbonate is —— p.p.m.

Why does impure metal corrode faster than pure metal?

$0.1 \text{ M}$ acetic acid solution is —— to $0.1 \text{ M}$ sucrose solution.

Why does smaller anodic area result in intense corrosion?

What are the causes of scale and sludge formation?

Write the drawbacks of scale and sludge formation.

Describe the methods used for the prevention of scale and sludge formation.

$2.1 \text{ gm}$ coal sample heated with excess NaOH which expelled all nitrogen present in coal as ammonia. The ammonia required $16.2 \text{ ml } (1 \text{ M}) \text{ H}_2\text{SO}_4$. Find the percentage of nitrogen in coal.

What are the significances of proximate and ultimate analyses of coal?

How is analysis of flue gas done by Orsat's apparatus?

Calculate the amount of lime (74% pure) and soda (84% pure) required for softening $250 \text{ m}^3$ water which contains following in mg/lit : $\text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2 = 4.86, \text{Mg(HCO}_3)_2 = 4.38, \text{MgSO}_4 = 3.0, \text{CaCl}_2 = 2.22, \text{CO}_2 = 2.2, \text{HCl} = 3.65, \text{NaHCO}_3 = 2.1$.

Predict whether or not of the following reactions will occur spontaneously in acid solution. Determine $E^\circ_{\text{cell}}$ for the reaction that is predicted to occur : (i) Oxidation of NO to $\text{NO}_3^-$ by $\text{Sn}^{+4}$ (ii) Reduction of $\text{Mn}^{+2}$ to Mn by Zn (iii) Reduction of $\text{Br}_2$ to $\text{Br}^-$ by $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$ (iv) Reduction of $\text{Br}_2$ to $\text{Br}^-$ by $\text{Fe}^{+2}$ [Data: $E^\circ_{\text{Zn/Zn}^{+2}} = 0.76 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Fe}^{+3}/\text{Fe}^{+2}} = 0.77 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{NO}3/\text{NO}} = 0.96 \text{ V}, E^\circ{\text{Sn}^{+4}/\text{Sn}^{+2}} = 0.15 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Mn/Mn}^{+2}} = 1.18 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Br}2/\text{Br}^-} = 1.07 \text{ V}, E^\circ{\text{O}_2/\text{H}_2\text{O}_2} = 0.68 \text{ V}$]

Calculate the electrode potential of cell $\text{Fe} | \text{Fe}^{+2} (1 \text{ M}) || \text{Ag}^{+1} (1 \text{ M}) | \text{Ag}$ after 50% $\text{Ag}^+$ reacted given that $E^\circ_{\text{Fe/Fe}^{+2}} = 0.44 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Ag}^{+1}/\text{Ag}} = 0.80 \text{ V}$.

Explain with examples : (i) Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization (ii) Conducting and non-conducting polymers

What is vulcanization of rubbers?

Outline the preparation and uses of— (i) ABS polymer; (ii) Teflon.

What is ideal solution? Explain positive and negative deviation from ideal behavior of liquid pairs.

Derive the relationship between freezing point depression of a solution with the mole fraction of the dissolved solute.

Find the molality of a solution containing a non-volatile solute if its v.p. is 5% below the v.p. of pure water.

What are laws of dry corrosion? Explain with examples.

Discuss the mechanism of wet corrosion.

Discuss the methods used to prevent corrosion.

Boiler corrosion

Caustic embrittlement

Priming and foaming

Knocking

Glass transition temperature

Colligative properties

Waterline corrosion

Secondary cell

A 1.2% solution of organic compound is isotonic with 1.6% of urea ($\text{NH}_2\text{CONH}_2$) solution. The molecular weight of organic compound is —— a.m.u.

Hardness of water containing $1.46 \text{ mg/litre}$ magnesium bicarbonate and $1.36 \text{ mg/litre } \text{CaSO}_4$ is —— p.p.m.

Define Pilling and Bedworth rule.

Dacron is the polymer of ——.

What is azeotropic mixture?

Why is ethylene glycol added to water used in car radiator in cold countries?

Arrange benzene, ethylene, hexane and cyclohexane in the increasing order of their calorific values.

The absorbent of carbon monoxide in Orsat's apparatus is ——.

Define cetane number.

Why are gaseous fuels better than liquid fuel (three characters)?

Describe the lime-soda method of softening of hard water. Give chemical reaction involved in it.

How is hardness of water determined by soap titration method?

Calculate the amount of lime and soda required for softening $250 \text{ m}^3$ water containing following in mg/litre : $\text{Mg(HCO}_3)_2 = 2.19, \text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2 = 3.24, \text{MgSO}_4 = 2.4, \text{CaCl}_2 = 2.22, \text{Ca(NO}_3)_2 = 1.64, \text{CO}_2 = 2.2, \text{HCl} = 3.65, \text{NaHCO}_3 = 2.1$.

What is ideal solution? Explain positive and negative deviations from ideal behaviour of liquid pairs.

Deduce the relationship between elevation of boiling point of solution and the mole fraction of solute dissolved.

Two elements A and B form compounds $\text{AB}_2$ and $\text{AB}_4$ which do not dissociate or associate. When 1.0 g each $\text{AB}_2$ and $\text{AB}_4$ dissolved separately in 20 g benzene, lowers the freezing point 2.3 K and 1.3 K respectively. ($K_f$ for benzene = 5.1) Find atomic weight of A and B.

Write the construction, working and reactions involved in a dry cell.

What is galvanic series? Give its importance.

What is the pH of the solution of cell given below if its cell potential is 0.16 volt at $25 \text{ }^\circ\text{C}$? (E^\circ_{M/M^{+2}} = 0.25 \text{ V}$) $M | M^{+2} (0.1 \text{ M}) || \text{HCl} (pH = ?) | \text{H}_2 (1 \text{ atm}); \text{Pt}.

Explain the tacticity in polymer.

What is vulcanisation of rubber?

Give the preparation and uses of the following : (i) Bakelite (ii) Neoprene (iii) Nylon-6,6 (iv) ABC polymer.

Describe Fischer-Tropsch process for manufacturing of gasoline.

What are the significances of proximate and ultimate analysis of coal?

A coal sample was found to contain following composition by weight : $\text{C}=72, \text{H}=4, \text{O}=9, \text{S}=5, \text{N}=6$ and rest ash. (i) Find gross and net calorific value of coal. (ii) Find minimum amount of air by weight necessary for complete combustion of 1 kg coal (air contains 23% $\text{O}_2$ by weight).

Scale formation

Caustic embrittlement

Priming and foaming

What are the laws of dry corrosion? Explain with examples.

Write the mechanism of wet corrosion.

Describe the various methods employed for prevention of corrosion.

Pitting corrosion

Waterline corrosion

Colligative properties

Knocking

Why are gaseous fuels better than solid fuels (four characters)?

What is tacticity in polymers?

Hardness of water containing $8.1 \text{ mg/lit } \text{Ca(HCO}_3)_2$, $1.11 \text{ mg/lit } \text{CaCl}_2$ and $0.585 \text{ mg/lit } \text{NaCl}$ is —— p.p.m.

Why is ethylene glycol added to water used in car radiator in cold countries?

Arrange octane, isooctane, benzene and cyclohexane in increasing order of octane number.

Absorbent of oxygen in Orsat's apparatus is ——.

Colligative properties of solution depends on ——.

The monomer of PVC is ——.

Arrange LPG, water gas, producer gas and hydrogen in the increasing order of calorific value.

Define isotonic solutions.

What is the significance of salt bridge in galvanic cell?

Can we store with suitable explanation? (i) $\text{CuSO}_4$ solution in nickel vessel (ii) $\text{FeSO}_4$ solution in copper vessel (iii) $\text{H}_2\text{O}_2$ solution in silver vessel. Given $E^\circ_{\text{Cu}^{+2}/\text{Cu}} = 0.34 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Zn/Zn}^{+2}} = 0.76 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Fe/Fe}^{+2}} = 0.44 \text{ V}, E^\circ_{\text{Ag}^+/\text{Ag}} = 0.80 \text{ V}$.